Over the years, EndNote has grown into not only a mature citation management program, but also a full-text PDF management program, complete with features such as automatic PDF downloading, importing existing PDF collections, adding annotations to PDFs, and searching PDFs and their annotations. First of all, as you may have noticed, right after you import your references from a database, EndNote automatically goes out and looks for full-text PDFs that match the newly imported references, and if successful, the PDFs will be downloaded and attached to your references. That's what these paper clip icons stand for. So if I highlight this particular reference, you can see that the PDF is displayed in the lower right corner, if you have the "bottom split" layout as I have here. If you have a different screen layout, your PDFs may be displayed in a different part of the screen, or not displayed at all. If you want to see the PDF in its own window, just click on this button here. This will open up a separate window for the reference and switch the default view of the window to "PDF Only". By the way, you can switch the view of the reference window down here to be "Reference Only", "Reference and PDF Split", or "PDF Only". EndNote can find a lot of full-text PDFs out of the box without you doing anything, as long as your computer is on an IP address that is eligible to get those PDFs. It is not perfect though, and there could be many reasons for that. You can help it improve its accuracy by providing your institution's "OpenURL" address in EndNote Preferences. Again, on the Mac, go to "EndNote", "Preferences", and on the PC, go to "Edit", "Preferences". Click on "Find Full Text" on the left, and put in the OpenURL path here. OpenURL is a common service libraries run to connect the references in bibliographic databases with the library's full-text subscriptions. For example, Yale's OpenURL service is called "Yale Links", and you probably have seen buttons like this, or a page like this one, if you have searched in one of our subscription databases. This is the OpenURL path that you should use with EndNote if you are from Yale. Obviously this would only work if you are affiliated with Yale. If you are from a different institution, you should contact your library for their OpenURL path. Adding OpenURL path only helps improve the precision of finding full text. You still have to be authenticated by your institution to be able to retrieve the full text. Now at the time of this recording, Yale does not use a web-based authentication product such as EZProxy, and most everything is just authenticated by IP address, so as long as you are on campus, or use the Yale VPN, you should be fine. So I am not going to put anything in here, but if your institution does use products like EZProxy, you should add it here, otherwise you won't be able to get much. Again, you should contact your library for details of these parameters. Now the automatic finding full text feature is turned on by default for newly-imported references, so whenever a new reference is imported, it will trigger the "find full text" routine. If for some reason, you don't like that, you can turn that off here. I am going to leave that on. Now the automatic finding full text feature is only triggered for newly-imported references, and not for references that are already in the library, or those that are manually created. What can you do about those? Easy. You can just select the references you want to find full text for. In my case, I will simply select all of them here. Then I can go to "References", "Find Full Text", and "Find Full Text". Or I can right click, and go to "Find Full Text", and "Find Full Text". And you can see that EndNote is now starting to look for PDFs for those references. For a variety of reasons, EndNote may not be able to find a PDF for all your references. In those cases, you will need to manually find the full text PDFs, as you have always done before you knew about this feature in EndNote. Once you have the PDF, you can just manually attach it to the reference. Just click on the paper clip icon, and choose "Attach PDF". Or you can go to "References", "File Attachment", and "Attach File". Choose a file. Click "Open". There it is. Now here is an opposite scenario: what if you already have a PDF, but not the reference yet in your EndNote library? Well, if it is a PDF published with the right metadata, EndNote can import the PDF and automatically find the reference for you. So here I have a PDF from PLOS One, and I don't have the reference yet in my library. I can go to "File", "Import". At "Import Options", choose "PDF File or Folder". Navigate to my PDF file. Click "Import", and now you can see that my PDF has been imported and EndNote has gone out and found the correct reference for me. This also works for a folder of PDFs. So here I have a folder full of PDFs I have downloaded. Again, I am going to go to "File", "Import". Choose "PDF File or Folder" at "Import Options". Choose the folder. Click "Import". And after a while, you can see that they have been imported into EndNote, and their references were also found and imported. Notice that EndNote even traversed the folder structure and imported the PDFs that were in the subfolders, so this would be especially useful if you had accumulated a lot of PDFs in a folder, and wanted to import all of them to EndNote in one scoop. You can also specify a "magic folder" for EndNote to monitor, and any PDF that gets dropped into that folder will be automatically imported into EndNote. Here is how it works. First, got to Preferences. So on the Mac, go to "EndNote", "Preferences", and on the PC, go to "Edit", "Preferences". Select "PDF Handling" on the left and under "PDF Auto Import Folder", check "Enable Automatic Importing". This will prompt you to select a folder. I am going to select mine. Click "Open", and "Save". Now from this point on, if a PDF is saved to this folder, it will automatically trigger the import process in EndNote. Let's try this out. I am going to put a new PDF in this folder, just like that. And ... in just a little while, you should see EndNote responding to that. There it is. We have a newly imported reference from that PDF right here, and the original PDF is now moved to a special subfolder called "Imported". Wouldn't it be nice if this always works flawlessly. Unfortunately, that's not the case. If the PDF you are trying to import does not have the proper metadata, or in other words, does not provide enough clues for EndNote, EndNote will not be able to automatically find the reference for it. So for example, if you get a PDF of scanned images, or older PDFs, you may end up getting this. This means EndNote was not able to find a reference for the PDF, and you end up getting just a file name. You can help EndNote by giving it the information it needs to find the reference. Typically, that means a unique identifier for the article, such as the "PMID" for PubMed, or a DOI, digital object identifier. So for this article, I've looked this up in PubMed, and I am going to copy and paste the PMID into the "Accession Number" field. Save the reference. Now I can go to "References", "Find Reference Updates". Or right click, "Find Reference Updates". In the window that pops up, I can preview the reference EndNote found, and if I am OK with it, I'll click "Update All Fields", and then save updates. Now you can see that my reference is now populated with the correct data. It's a little cumbersome, but it's still better than typing everything in yourself. So up till this point, we've covered two things. How do you get the PDF if you have a reference in EndNote, and the opposite: how do you add a reference if have the PDF. Now there are other useful PDF related features in EndNote. For example, I can add some standard PDF annotations right within EndNote. Let me open up a PDF here. I will bring up the annotations toolbar. So, as you can see, I can highlight text, underline text, strikethrough, and add a note, draw a rectangular or an oval callout, just like that. The other thing you may not know is that once a text-based PDF, i.e. not one from scanned images, is in EndNote, you can run full text search in them, because the text in that PDF has been indexed by EndNote. So these are convenience features EndNote has related to PDF handling, which makes EndNote not only a mature citation management program, but also a full-text PDF management program.